本案是妨害作证罪？还是保险诈骗共同犯罪？
案情：
2001年11月10日，被告人张作锦经营的货车（闽F-71033，已办理机动车辆保险）给货主林某拉桔子到漳州诏安。次日凌晨2时许，车由无证的林振华驾驶至漳州平和诏平线98KM+980M路段发生翻车事故，造成林振华当场死亡，车上的张作锦、陈景阳、林敦标三人不同程度受伤。当日上午，福建省平和交警向被告人陈景阳和被告人张作锦作笔录，被告人陈景阳如实陈述了发生事故的经过。当日下午，伤亡人员的家属林孝传、吴贞春、张作文、许良木等相继赶到了平和县医院后，得知当时车由无证的林振华驾驶，保险无法理赔时，为了取得保险公司的理赔款，就商量决定叫有证的陈景阳承担下来，并对被告陈景阳因此而被吊销驾驶证所引起损失的补偿问题也达成协议，被告人张作锦同意。第二天，被告人吴贞春、张作文到平和交警大队找经办人林锋送2000元“疏通关系”后，平和县交警大队民警林峰等按六被告人意思作了虚假的笔录，并作出道路交通事故责任认定，认定陈景阳在本次事故中负全部责任。2002年2月，张作锦从中国人民保险公司漳平市支公司取得保险索赔款82695.59元。后因分赃不均而案发。
本案在审理过程中出现分歧：
一种意见认为，被告人张作锦、陈景阳以非法占有为目的，违反国家保险法规，编造虚假事实，骗取保险公司保险金82695.59元，数额巨大，其行为均已构成保险诈骗罪。被告吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木虽不以非法占有为目的，但是他们是本案的共犯，他们对骗取保险金的故意是相同的，也是明知的，而且均参与实施了诈骗保险金的行为，根据刑法共同犯罪的规定，不具备特殊身份的人，与具备特殊身份的人互相勾结，共同实施了特殊身份的人才能实施的犯罪，应当以共犯论处。关于《刑法》第一百九十八条第四款的规定问题，这是刑法对参与保险事故调查的鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人故意提供虚假的证明文件时，如何适用法律所做的特别规定，并不能就此认为，只有鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人才能构成保险诈骗罪的共犯，其他人不能构成。因为鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人出于不同犯罪动机与犯罪目的，故意提供虚假证明文件的，还有可能构成中介组织提供虚假证明文件罪、中介组织人员出具证明文件重大失实罪。因此，被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木也构成保险诈骗罪。他们与被告人张作锦、陈景阳均构成保险诈骗罪，是属共犯，应当按该罪处罚。。
另一种意见认为，被告人张作锦、陈景阳以非法占有为目的，违反国家保险法规，编造虚假事实，骗取保险公司保险金82695.59元，数额巨大，其行为均已构成保险诈骗罪，应依法处罚。而被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木不能成为保险诈骗罪的共同犯，首先，根据《刑法》第一百九十八条规定，保险诈骗罪的主体为投保人、被保险人和受益人，其他不具备此身份的人不能构成保险诈骗罪。该条第四款规定，保险事故的鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人可以构成该罪的共犯。因构成保险诈骗罪的主体和共犯主体必须是特殊主体，即必须是投保人、被保险人、受益人、保险事故的鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人，上述四被告人均不属于保险诈骗主体和保险诈骗共犯的主体；其次，被告人吴贞春等四人在实施指使被告人陈景阳改变供述时，是在交警部门侦查阶段实施了，是侵犯了交警部门的侦查管理秩序，是独立的一个行为，他们虽然与被告人张作锦、陈景阳有共同诈骗保险故意，但他们所实行的指使被告人陈景阳作虚假供述客观上是防碍了交警部门正确作出责任认定，与保险诈骗直接结合的是事故的责任认定行为，他们指使他人改变供述的行为与保险诈骗行为是间接结合，不是共同犯罪构成所要求的必不可少环节，他们侵犯的交通证据管理秩序，不能成为保险诈骗的共犯。因此，被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木在处理交通事故和保险索赔过程中，用威胁等方法指使被告人陈景阳向平和县交警作伪证，其行为应当是构成妨害作证罪
笔者认为，第二种意见是正确的。理由：
一、保险诈骗罪是指投保人、被保险人或者受益人，违反国家保险法规，编造虚假事实，骗取保险金，数额较大的行为。本罪侵犯的客体，是国家的保险制度和公共财产的所有权。客观方面，表现了违反保险法规定，虚构事实或者隐瞒真相等方法，骗取保险金，数额较大的行为。主观方面是由直接故意构成，并以非法占有保险金为目的为目的。妨害作证罪，是指以暴力、威胁、贿买等方法阻止证人作证或指使、贿买、威胁他人作伪证的行为。本罪侵犯的客体，是刑事、民事、经济和行政诉讼。客观方面表现为以各种非法方式阻止证人依法作证或使他人作伪证。从上述两罪来看，要区分出被告人张作锦、陈景阳与被告人吴贞春、林孝传等四人在诈骗保险金中是共犯，还是不同犯，还是应当根据各自犯罪所侵犯的客体以及主客观方面的特征来综合分析，不能简单地根据他们对骗取保险金的故意是相同的就不加区分将他们均定格在共犯上。他们虽然均参与实施了诈骗保险金的行为，但这些行为中有的是直接结合的，有的是间接结合，直接结合诈骗当属共犯，但如果间接结合（即各自实施数个行为结合起来诈骗的），此时就应当根据各自己犯罪的共性进行分析。一、在侵犯的客体方面上，在本案中被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木四人指使陈景阳作伪证的行为，在整个保险诈骗活动过程中，能起直接作用的是被告人陈景阳的证词，他们的指使行为并不直接起作用，从侵犯客体方面上看，是防碍了交通警察部门处理交通事故的侦查行为，他们侵犯的客体是交警认定交通事故责任中所含隐的刑事诉讼秩序或行政诉讼秩序。
二、在客观行为上，被告人吴贞春、林孝传等四人与被告人张作锦、陈景阳在诈骗保险金过程中只起了间接作用，是间接结合，真正与保险诈骗直接结合的是交警部门所作的事故责任认定。所以说被告人吴贞春、林孝传等四人在交警处理事故中是指使了被告人陈景阳作伪证，致使交警部门在责任认定上出了偏差，造成责任认定的错误，他们的行为应当说是独立存在的，并已经独立满足了妨害作证罪的犯罪构成要件。
三、从共同犯罪构成要件来看，共同犯罪故意与共同实施犯罪行为是缺一不可的。而本案的被告人吴贞春、林孝传、林作文、许良木的共同犯罪故意是明显的，但客观上他们的行为并不是保险诈骗整个活动的必要组成部分，也不符合“部分实施整体责任”的共犯刑事责任认定原则。因此，他们的行为不能作为本案中的保险诈骗共犯。
四、至于第一种意见中，将被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木视为与被告人张作锦、陈景阳保险诈骗的共犯，持这种意见的人是简单将被告人吴贞春等四人的行为视为与被告人张作锦、陈景阳直接结合犯罪；其次，简单地根据刑法关于共同犯罪的规定：“不具备特殊身份的人，与具备特殊身份的人互相勾结，共同实施了特殊身份的人才能实施的犯罪，应当以共犯论处”，将被告人吴贞春、林孝传等四人认为是共犯。这种意见显然是存在罪责不当的刑事价值取向，是有误的。
四、被告人吴贞春、林孝传等四人是否构成妨碍作证罪呢？从本案来看，首先，从主观方面来看，被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木是有共同帮助张作锦诈骗保险金的故意。其次，从客观方面来看他们的行为仅表现在指使被告人陈景阳改变了供述，作了虚假供述，使得交警部门在责任认定上产生了错误，也可以说他们只实施了交警部门侦查阶段的防碍性的一个独立行为。第三，被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木所侵犯的客体，并不是保险管理秩序，他们侵犯的客体是交警部门侦查和处理交通事故的管理秩序，从纵向意义上讲含隐着侵犯刑事诉讼秩序或行政诉讼秩序。因此，被告人吴贞春、林孝传、张作文、许良木的行为是符合妨碍作证罪的特征，他们是构成妨碍作证罪，而不是与被告人张作锦、陈景阳共同构成保险诈骗罪。
（福建省漳平法院叶文炳，联系电话：13507536046）
工业产品质量责任条例(附英文)
国务院
工业产品质量责任条例(附英文)
1986年4月5日，国务院
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了明确工业产品（以下简称产品）质量责任，维护用户和消费者（以下简称用户）的合法权益，保证有计划的商品经济健康发展，促进社会主义现代化建设，特制定本条例。
第二条 产品质量是指国家的有关法规、质量标准以及合同规定的对产品适用、安全和其它特性的要求。产品质量责任是指因产品质量不符合上述要求，给用户造成损失后应承担的责任。
第三条 国家标准化部门负责制定全国统一的国家标准。国家标准应不低于国际标准水平。国家标准可以分级分等。企业主管部门要规定生产企业达到国家标准最高等级的期限。国家物价部门按标准等级，实行按质论价。
第四条 产品的生产、储运、经销企业必须按照本条例的规定，承担产品质量责任。各部门、各地区，特别是企业主管机关必须对产品质量进行管理，监督有关企业坚持质量第一的方针，保证产品质量，承担质量责任；管理和监督不力的也应承坦连带责任。
第五条 质量监督机构、工商行政管理机关必须对产品质量进行监督，维护用户的利益。
第六条 产品的合格证、说明书、优质标志、认证标志等都必须与产品的实际质量水平相一致。产品广告中关于产品质量的说明，必须符合产品的实际质量。
第七条 所有生产、经销企业必须严格执行下列规定：（1）不合格的产品不准出厂和销售；（2）不合格的原材料、零部件不准投料、组装；（3）国家已明令淘汰的产品不准生产和销售；（4）没有产品质量标准、未经质量检验机构检验的产品不准生产和销售；（5）不准弄虚作假、以次充好、伪造商标、假冒名牌。所有生产、经销企业都不得用搭配手段推销产品。
第二章 产品生产企业的质量责任
第八条 产品的生产企业必须保证产品质量符合国家的有关法规、质量标准以及合同规定的要求。产品的生产企业必须建立严密、协调、有效的质量保证体系，要明确规定产品的质量责任。企业必须保证质量检验机构能独立行使监督、检验的职权；严禁对质量检验人员进行打击报复。
第九条 产品出厂，必须符合下列要求：（一）达到本条例第二条规定的质量要求，有检验机构和检验人员签证的产品检验合格证；（二）根据不同特点，有产品名称、规格、型号、成份、含量、重量、用法、生产批号、出厂日期、生产厂家、厂址、产品技术标准编号等文字说明，限时使用的产品应注明失效时间。优质产品必须有标志；（三）实行生产许可证制度的产品，要有许可证编号、批准日期和有效期限；（四）机器、设备、装置、仪表以及耐用消费品，除符合本条（一）、（二）、（三）项要求外，还应有详细的产品使用说明书。内容包括：产品的技术经济参数、使用寿命、使用范围、保证期限、安装方法、维修方法和保存条件、技术保养检修期以及其它有关产品设计参数的有效数据。电器产品，应附有线路图和原理图；（五）包装必须符合国家有关规定和标准。剧毒、危险、易碎、怕压、需防潮、不装倒置的产品，在内外包装上必须有显著的指示标志和储运注意事项。产品包装上必须注明实际重量（净重和毛重）；（六）使用商标和分级分等的产品，在产品或包装上应有商标和分级分等标记；（七）符合国家安全、卫生、环境保护和计量等法规的要求。
第十条 达不到国家的有关标准规定等级、仍有使用价值的“处理品”，经企业主管机关批准后，方可降价销售，在产品和包装上必须标出显著的“处理品”字样。违反国家安全、卫生、环境保护、计量等法规要求的产品，必须及时销毁或作必要的技术处理，不得以“处理品”流入市场。不得用“处理品”生产和组装用以销售的产品。
第十一条 在产品保证期限内发现质量不符合第二条要求时，根据不同情况，由产品生产企业对用户和经销企业承坦质量责任：（一）产品的一般零部件、元器件失效，更换后即能恢复使用要求的，应负责按期修复；（二）产品的主要零部件、元器件失效，不能按期修复的，应负责更换合格品；（三）产品因设计、制造等原因造成主要功能不符合第二条要求，用户要求退货的，应负责退还货款；（四）造成经济损失的，还应负责赔偿实际经济损失；（五）由维修服务或经销企业负责产品售后技术服务时，生产企业必须按售后技术服务合同，提供足够的备品、备件和必要的技术支援。
第三章 产品储运企业的质量责任
第十二条 承储、承运、装卸企业必须根据国家有关规定和产品包装上标明的储运要求进行储存、运输和装卸。
第十三条 承储、承运企业在产品入库储存或出库、产品承运或交货时，应按照国家有关规定，严格执行交接验收制度，明确质量责任。确属储存、运输、装卸原因造成产品损伤，承储、承运、装卸企业应分别承担责任，按国家有关规定，赔偿经济损失。
第四章 产品经销企业的质量责任
第十四条 经销企业在进货时，应对产品进行验收，明确产品的质量责任。经销企业出售的产品，必须符合本条例第七条、第九条的规定。
第十五条 经销企业售出的产品在保证期限内发现质量不符合第二条的要求时，应由经销企业负责对用户实行包修、包换、包退、承担赔偿实际经济损失的责任。
第五章 产品质量的监督管理
第十六条 各质量监督机构，按照国家有关规定，单独组织或者会同工商行政管理部门、各行业主管部门、企业主管部门，对产品的生产、储运和经销等各个环节实行经常性的监督抽查，并定期公布抽查产品的质量状况。企业必须如实提供抽查样品，并在检测手段和工作条件方面提供方便。除国家已有规定外，质量监督机构抽查产品，不准向企业收费，以保证监督机构的公正性。质量监督机构所需的技术措施费用和检测费用，按实际需要由国家或地方财政拨款解决。各级经济委员会负责对产品质量监督管理工作进行领导和组织协调。
第十七条 各级行业主管部门和企业主管部门负责本行业产品质量的管理工作，其职责是：在授权范围内，制定或参与制定有关产品质量标准以及有关规章制度，负责产品质量的监督管理，督促企业保证产品质量，完善质量保证系统；组织发放生产许可证。
第十八条 对产品质量实行社会性监督。用户可以向产品生产、储运、经销企业提出质量查询；社团组织可以协助用户参与质量争议的调解、仲裁，支持用户向人民法院起诉。
第十九条 用户按双方协议可以派出代表到生产企业对产品生产过程和产品质量进行现场监督。
第六章 产品质量责任争议的处理
第二十条 因产品质量问题发生争议时，有经济合同的，按《经济合同法》的有关规定执行；没有合同的，争议的任何一方都可提请有关的质量监督机构调解处理，也可向人民法院起诉。
第二十一条 对产品质量的技术检验数据有争议时，当事人或调解、仲裁机构可委托法定的质量检验单位进行仲裁检验，质量检验单位应对提供的仲裁检验数据负责。
第二十二条 除国家另有规定外，质量责任的仲裁请求和起诉，应从当事人知悉或应当知悉权益受损害之日起一年内提出。产品质量责任方愿意承担责任时，不受时效限制。
第七章 罚 则
第二十三条 企业产品质量达不到国家规定的标准，企业主管机关应令其限期整顿。经整顿仍无效者，企业主管机关应令其停产或转产，直至建议有关主管机关撤销生产许可证，吊销营业执照。在整顿期间，企业主管机关视不同情况，可扣发企业负责人和职工的奖金、工资。
第二十四条 生产、经销企业违反本条例规定，有下列行为之一者，由企业主管机关对企业负责人和直接责任者给以行政处分，由工商行政管理机关没收其全部非法收入，并视其情节轻重，处以相当于非法收入的15％至20％的罚款，直至由司法机关追究法律责任。（一）生产、经销掺假产品、冒牌产品，以“处理品”冒充合格品；（二）生产、经销隐匿厂名、厂址的产品；（三）生产、经销没有产品检验合格证的产品；（四）生产、经销国家已明令淘汰的产品；（五）生产、经销国家实行生产许可证制度而到期未取得生产许可证的产品；（六）生产、经销用不合格原材料、零部件生产或组装的产品；（七）生产、经销违反国家安全、卫生、环境保护和计量等法规要求的产品；（八）经销过期失效产品。罚没收入全部上交国家财政。
第二十五条 有质量监督抽查中发现生产和经销企业有第二十四条中列举的行为时，由质量监督机构按第二十四条规定处理。对于不符合本条例第九条第七项规定的，由质量监督机构监督就地销毁或作必要的技术处理，并令生产、经销企业在限期内追回已售出的不合格产品。违反本条例第八条的规定，对质量检验人员进行打击报复的，或质量监督、检验机构工作人员徇私舞弊的，由有关主管机关给予行政处分；情节特别严重的，依法追究刑事责任。
第二十六条 由于产品的质量责任，造成用户人身伤亡，财产损失，触犯刑律的，由司法机关依法追究当事人的刑事责任。
第二十七条 上述处罚，不免除产品质量责任方对用户承担的产品包修、包换、包退、赔偿实际经济损失的责任。
第八章 附 则
第二十八条 有关主管部门可根据本条例的规定，制定实施细则；进出口商品、军用产品及有特殊要求的产品的质量责任可由有关主管部门参照本条例的原则，另行规定。
第二十九条 本条例适用于所有全民、集体所有制企业，个体工商业经营者以及在中国境内的中外合资、合作、外资企业。
第三十条 本条例授权国家经济委员会负责解释。
第三十一条 本条例自一九八六年七月一日起施行。(附英文)
REGULATIONS ON QUALITY RESPONSIBILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS ON QUALITY RESPONSIBILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
(Promulgated by the State Council on April 5, 1986)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
The present Regulations are enacted in order to define the quality
responsibility for industrial products ("products" for short hereinafter),
safeguard the legitimate rights of the customer and consumer ("customer"
for short hereinafter), ensure the healthy development of commodity
economy in a planned way, and promote socialist modernization.
Article 2
"Quality of product" refers to the requirement for the applications,
safety and other properties of the products stipulated in related laws and
regulations, quality standards and contracts.
"Quality responsibility for products" refers to the responsibility that
shall be born due to the product's failure to satisfy the above-mentioned
requirements, which leads to loss on the part of the customer.
Article 3
The national standardization department is responsible for drawing up the
unified national standards. The national standards shall not be lower than
the international standards. National standards may be classified and
graded. The competent authorities responsible for the enterprise shall fix
a time limit for achieving the highest grade of the national standards.
The price department of the Central Government shall fix the prices
according to the grades of standards and implement the principle of "price
according to quality".
Article 4
Those enterprises engaging in the production, storing, transporting and
marketing of the product must, in accordance with the stipulations of the
present Regulations, undertake the quality responsibility for the
products.
The various departments, various localities, especially the competent
authorities for the manufacturer must exercise strict control over the
quality of the products, supervise and see that the manufacturer concerned
abides by the principle of "quality first", with a view to guaranteeing
the quality of product and undertaking quality responsibility. Those
failing to exercise effective control and supervision shall also undertake
liability arising therefrom.
Article 5
Quality-supervision agencies and the industry and commerce administration
departments must keep supervision over the quality of product and protect
the interest of the customer.
Article 6
The quality certificate, manuals, "high-quality" sign and identity sign of
a product must all be in conformity with the actual quality level of the
product. The explanation in the advertisement of the product must conform
to the actual quality of the product.
Article 7
All the manufacturers and the marketing firms must observe strictly the
following rules:
(1) unqualified product is forbidden from being dispatched from the
factory or marketed;
(2) unqualified raw materials and parts and components are not allowed to
be put into production or be used for assembly;
(3) it is forbidden to manufacture the products whose elimination the
State has explicitly ordered;
(4) product without the product-quality standard or without being tested
by the state quality-testing organ is not allowed to be manufactured and
marketed;
(5) it is forbidden to plot frauds, to pass of unqualified product as
qualified, to forge trademarks, or to imitate the famous brand products.
All the manufacturers and marketing firms are not allowed to sell their
products by way of coupling-sale.
Chapter II Quality Responsibility of the Product Manufacturer
Article 8
The manufacturer of the product must make sure that the quality of the
product conforms to the requirements laid down by relevant laws and
regulations, quality standards and stipulations of the contract.
The manufacturer of the product must set up a strict, well-coordinated and
effective quality-guarantee system, with a view to fixing the quality
responsibility for the product in an explicit manner.
The manufacturer must see to it that the quality-inspecting organ can
independently perform its functions of supervision and testing. It is
strictly forbidden to retaliate against the quality inspectors.
Article 9
The product shall not leave the factory unless it satisfies the following
requirements:
(1) achieving the quality requirements stipulated in Article 2 of the
present Regulations, and obtaining the quality certificate of the product
issued by testing organ and testing personnel;
(2) having the written explanation of, according to specific
characteristics, the product's name, size, model, ingredients, the
percentage of the ingredients, weight, direction for applications, lot No.
of production, date of production, name of manufacturer, address of the
manufacturer, and the serial number of the technical specifications of the
said product; explicitly specifying the date of expiry in case of a
product with time limit of efficacy. "High-quality" product must bear the
mark thereof;
(3) having the serial number, date of approval and the term of validity of
the production licence in case of a product manufactured under the
production licence system;
(4) machinery, equipment, devices, apparatus and durable consumer goods,
apart from satisfying the requirements in Items (1), (2) and (3) of this
Article, shall be accompanied with detailed instructions on the use of the
product. The content thereof includes: the product's technical-economic
parameters, service life, range of application, term of guarantee, methods
for installation, methods of maintenance and conditions for storing, term
of technical maintenance and repair, and other effective data concerning
the design parameters of the product. Electric products shall be attached
with the circuit diagram and schematic diagram;
(5) the package must conform to the related state regulations and
standards. As regards the products that are drastically poisonous,
dangerous, fragile, can not be laid on by heavy load, needing protection
against moisture, can not be turned upside down, there must be, on both
the external and interior packing, obvious indication marks and notices
for storing and transportation. On the package of the product, there must
be noted explicitly the actual weights (net and gross);
(6) on the product or the package thereof on which the trademark and
quality classification and grading system is applied, there shall be signs
for the said trademark, classification and grading;
(7) conforming to the requirements of the state laws and regulations
concerning safety, hygiene, protection of environment and measuring.
Article 10
The "substandard" goods that fail to achieve the requirements of the
related state standards, but still have some use value, cannot be marketed
at reduced price until having obtained the approval from the competent
authorities of the manufacturer; and on the package there must be clearly
marked with the words of "substandard goods". Products that fail to meet
the requirements of the state laws and regulations concerning safety,
hygiene and environmental protection and measuring must be destroyed or
undergo necessary technical treatment in good time. They are not allowed
to enter the market in the name of "substandard goods".
"Substandard goods" are not allowed to be used to manufacture or assemble
market-oriented products.
Article 11
Within the guarantee period of the product, in case of the quality found
out of line with the requirements stipulated in Article 2, the
manufacturer shall, according to the following different circumstances,
undertake the quality liability to the customer and marketing firm:
(1) the common part or component loses efficacy and therefore, after being
replaced, the performance can immediately be restored; in this case, the
manufacturer shall be responsible for replacing with qualified parts or
components and for restoring the normal performance;
(2) in case that the main part or competent of the product has lost the
efficacy and cannot be repaired within the set period, the manufacturer
shall be responsible for replacing with qualified products;
(3) in case the major function fails to satisfy the requirements of
Article 2 due to such causes as designing and manufacture, if the customer
requires to return the goods, the manufacturer shall refund;
(4) in case of economic loss caused by the quality faults, the
manufacturer shall also compensate for the actual loss;
(5) if maintenance and repair service or marketing firm responsible for
the aftersale technical service, so required and manufacturer must,
according to the contract of aftersale service, supply sufficient standby
products, spare parts and necessary technical support.
Chapter III Quality Responsibility of Enterprises for Storing or Transporting the Product
Article 12
The enterprises which undertake to store, transport, load or unload the
products must conduct the work of the storing, transportation, loading and
unloading in compliance with the relevant state stipulations and the
storing-transporting requirements indicated on the package of the product.
Article 13
In the course of the product entering the warehouse for storing or leaving
the warehouse, undertaking to transport the product or handing over the
product, the enterprise that stores or transports the product shall
observe the pertinent state stipulations and the storing-trans-system of
handing-over and checking before acceptance, so as to define the quality
responsibility. In case it has been testified that the damage of the
product is due to the cause of storage, transport or loading and
unloading, the enterprises which store, transport or load and unload the
product shall bear their respective liabilities and, according to related
government regulations, compensate for the economic loss.
Chapter IV Quality Responsibility of the Marketing Firm of the Product
Article 14
When laying in a stock of merchandise, the marketing firm shall, before
acceptance, test the product, so that the quality responsibility can be
clearly defined. The products sold by the marketing firm must conform to
the requirements stipulated in Articles 7 and 9 of the present
Regulations.
Article 15
In case the product sold by the marketing firm is found not up to the
conditions stipulated in Article 2 within the period of guarantee, the
marketing firm shall be responsible for guaranteed repairing, replacement,
taking back the product and refunding, and undertaking the responsibility
of compensating for the actual economic loss.
Chapter V Supervision and Control over the Quality of Product
Article 16
The various quality-supervising agencies shall, in accordance with the
relevant regulations of the state, organize independently, or together
with the industry and commerce administrative authorities, the responsible
departments of the various trades, and the responsible departments of the
various manufacturers, regular supervisional sample-checking on the
various links such as manufacture, storing, transportation, and marketing,
and regularly publicize the result of the testing of the samples.
Enterprises must honestly furnish the samples for checking and provide
facilities with respect to the testing means and working conditions.
Unless otherwise stated in state regulations, it is not allowed for the
quality-supervising agencies to collect fees from the enterprises for
sample-checking on the product, so as to guarantee the impartiality of the
supervising agencies. The expenses needed for the technical means and
measures and for the test by the quality-supervising agencies shall be
covered by the state or local financial allocations according to the
actual needs.
The economic commission at various levels are responsible for leadership,
organization and coordination of the supervision and control over product
quality.
Article 17
Responsible departments of the trades and responsible departments for the
enterprises at various levels are responsible for the control over the
quality of products in the respective trades within their authorization,
which covers: formulating or taking part in the formulation of the quality
standards for the products in their respective areas of responsibility and
the pertinent rules and regulations, being responsible for supervision and
control over the quality of products, urging the enterprises to ensure the
quality of product, perfecting the quality guaranteeing system, and
organizing the issuance of production licences.
Article 18
Exercise social supervision over the quality of product. The customer can
make inquiries about the quality of the product at the manufacturer, the
enterprises for storing and transporting, and the marketing firms; and the
social associations and organizations can help the customers participate
in the mediation, arbitration over quality disputes, and support the
customers to file lawsuits with the people's court.
Article 19
The customer can, according to the mutual agreement between the customer
and manufacturer, send his representative to the manufacturer to conduct
on-the-spot-supervision over the process of the production and the quality
of the product.
Chapter VI Settlement of Disputes over Quality Responsibility for the Product
Article 20
Any dispute arising from the quality of product shall, provided there is
an economic contract, observe the relevant stipulations in the Economic
Contract Law. In the absence of such contracts, either party to the
dispute can refer the dispute to a relevant quality-supervising agency for
mediation or settlement, or take the case to the people's court.
Article 21
In case of any dispute over the data of technical testing of the quality
of product, the party concerned or the mediating or arbitrating agencies
can entrust legally designated quality-testing unit for arbitral testing;
and the said quality testing unit shall be responsible for the data of the
arbitral testing.
Article 22
Unless otherwise stipulated by the government, the request for arbitration
or prosecution over quality responsibility shall be raised within one year
from the date the party concerned is aware of or should be aware of his
interest and rights being damaged. Where the party bearing the quality
responsibility for the product is willing to bear the responsibility, it
is not limited by the term of validity.
Chapter VII Penalties
Article 23
Where the product of an enterprise fails to reach the state-stipulated
standards, the competent authoritative department of the said enterprise
shall order the enterprise to rectify production within a fixed period.
Where the said rectification within the fixed period turns out to be of no
effect, the competent authoritative department of the said enterprise
shall order it to stop production or switch over to a new line of
products, or even suggest that the relevant authorities revoke the
production licence and the business licence. In the period of
rectification, the competent authoritative department responsible for the
said enterprise may, according to different circumstances, deduct the
bonus and wages of the executive members of the enterprise and of the
staff and workers.
Article 24
Where the manufacturer or marketing firm has committed one of the
following acts in violation of the stipulations of the present
Regulations, the authoritative department responsible for the enterprise
or firm shall mete out disciplinary punishment to the responsible persons
of the enterprise and to the persons bearing direct responsibility; and
the industry and commerce administrative organ shall confiscate all the
illegal income, and impose on it a fine equivalent to 15% to 20% of the
illegal income according to the degree of seriousness of the case; or even
the legal liabilities shall be fixed by the judicial organs through due
investigation.
1. manufacture or market adulterated product or imitated product, or pass
off "substandard" product as qualified;
2. manufacture or market products without indicating the name and address
of the manufacturer;
3. manufacture or market products without quality certificate;
4. manufacture or market products of which the State has issued explicit
order for their elimination;
5. manufacture or market the products on which the State adopts the system
of production licence, but fails to renew the said production licence
after its expiry;
6. manufacture or market products manufactured or assembled with
unqualified raw materials, parts or components;
7. manufacture or market products in violation of the requirements
stipulated by state laws and regulations concerning safety, hygiene,
environmental protection and measuring;
8. market products which have passed the expiry date.
The incomes collected from fines shall be handed to the state treasury.
Article 25
In the course of sample-check on quality supervision, in case it is found
that the manufacturer or marketing firm has committed the act(s) listed in
Article 24, the quality-supervising agency shall treat the case according
to the stipulation in Article 24. As regards the product not in conformity
to the provision of Item (7) of Article 9 of the present Regulations, the
product shall be destroyed on the spot by the quality-supervising agency
or be given the necessary technical treatment; and the manufacturer and
the marketing firm shall be ordered to recover within the given time all
the substandard products that have already been sold.
In case of violation of the stipulations in Article 8 of the present
Regulations, or retaliation against quality-testing personnel, or the
working personnel in quality-supervising and quality-testing agencies act
wrongly out of personal consideration, the responsible authoritative
department shall mete out disciplinary punishment. As regards those of
extraordinary seriousness, criminal liabilities shall be investigated and
fixed according to law.
Article 26
Where the poor quality of the product has resulted in the injury or death
of the customer, and in his loss of property, hence violating the criminal
code, the judicial organs shall investigate and fix the legal liability of
the party concerned.
Article 27
The above-mentioned penalty does not acquit the party bearing the quality
responsibility of its responsibility for the guaranteed repair,
replacement, recovering the product with the money already paid, and the
compensation for the actual economic loss to the customer(s).
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 28
The relevant responsible authorities may, in line with the provisions of
the present Regulations, work out the implementing details. The quality
responsibility regulations for import & export products, for goods with
military application as well as goods for special requirements, the
relevant authorities may, with reference to the principles of the present
Regulations, enact separate specific regulations.
Article 29
The present Regulations apply to all enterprises with ownership by the
whole people, enterprises with ownership by the collective, individual
industrial and commercial operators as well as the Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures, contractual joint ventures, and foreign-capital
enterprises.
Article 30
The State Economic Commission is authorized to interpret the present
Regulations.
Article 31
The present Regulations shall go into force on July 1st, 1986.
