您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律论文 »

守规矩与行法治/姚建宗

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-06 01:04:26  浏览:9495   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载

守规矩与行法治

姚建宗

不依规矩便无以成方圆。

这道理浅显之极,故自古流传至今,无人公开表示怀疑,的确也不容怀疑。因为现实生活中的人们若都不守规矩、不遵守起码的生活规则,那么很显然,这生活必定是乱七八糟地纠缠成一团,没法儿过,构成生活的基本环节的游戏也玩不下去,大家只好散伙,把自己交给大自然,任由自然淘汰规律把每一个人驯服。这样,人也就回到了非人的动物种群之中,除了生存之本能,也就没有了更进一步属于人的东西,比如"生活",比如"游戏"。所以,过人的"生活",玩人的"游戏",其前提应当是"守规矩"--遵守最起码的社会行为规则。

然而,究竟该"谁"守规矩或者说究竟该"谁"来遵守社会规则?这可就有不同的理解、不同的认识和不同的回答了。还是以足球这项游戏为例。1999年上半年,大连万达足球俱乐部参加甲A联赛战绩不佳,为摆脱困境,千方百计把从大连万达俱乐部转会至英国足球甲级俱乐部水晶宫队的孙继海买回来,并立即参加了甲A联赛大连万达队对深圳平安队的比赛。后来,由于深圳平安俱乐部战绩不佳,面临降级危险,于是向中国足协提出了对孙继海转会及在与深圳平安俱乐部队的比赛中的上场资格的合法性的质疑。因为中国足协曾明确地将孙继海的转会日以文件形式定于1999年8月1日,即孙继海只有在1999年8月1日以后才具有合法的在中国足球职业联赛中上场比赛的资格。在深圳平安俱乐部的一再追问之下,狼狈不堪的中国足协官员实在无法应付,便极其熟练地耍起了无赖:我说孙继海参加1999年7月29日与深圳平安队的比赛具有合法资格,就是具有合法资格,不容怀疑!当然,尽管当时深圳平安足球俱乐部理直气壮地准备将此事辩个清楚明白,理个是非曲直,然而,随着其逐渐摆脱降级危险,此事也就大事化小、小事化了,继而不了了之了。

作为球迷,我感到愤怒;作为法学者,我感到悲哀。因为在这里,足球这项游戏的规则被践踏了,它真的被"玩"它的人给"玩"了;也恰好是在这里,我看到了"法治"被"玩"的全过程。而极为严重的是这并非幻像而是事实。足球是一项具有世界影响的游戏,其魅力在于,游戏各方在遵守共同的规则的基础上尽显其力量、智慧、技巧和韵律节奏,给人以美的享受。所以,它要求足球运动员要守规矩,即遵守竞技规则、尊重对方、尊重裁判、尊重观众等;它也要求参与游戏的集体即每一个俱乐部、每一个球队也同样要遵守竞技规则、尊重对方、尊重裁判、尊重观众;而更为重要的是,它特别要求组织开展这项游戏活动的管理机构即足球协会,率先垂范,尊重并严格遵守游戏规则,唯其如此,足球才能真正健康发展,才能真正成为游戏。"法之不行自上犯之",假若作为中国足球管理机关的中国足协都不自觉尊重和遵守规则,它有什么资格来组织开展这项游戏活动?又有何资格要求各级俱乐部或者球队甚至球员按照游戏规则来进行游戏?既如此,则足球这项游戏还能"健康"发展并吸引众人参与吗?假如不是怀着赌博的心态,那么我们有理由深表怀疑。

由此想到了法治。古希腊先贤亚里士多德有言,法治者,社会既有良法且社会活动主体又能普遍守法也。普遍守法,当然是就社会生活中的每一个主体而言的,并无例外。详言之,一社会施行法治,在具备"良法"的同时,单个的个人、集体的个人即社会团体和组织,以及国家或者政府都必须自觉地尊重作为社会生活之规矩的"良法"并严格地遵守这"良法"。否则,绝无法治。而在其中,国家或者政府及其官员尊重和遵守"良法"或者守规矩,对于法治之有无、法治之存废,意义尤其重大。因此,在20世纪30年代,罗隆基先生在《什么是法治》一文中就明确地提出:"国家有了形式上白纸黑字的法律条文,这不算法治。是一个国家,姑不论他野蛮退化,他的执政者横暴专制到什么地步,他总有几条法律。国家的小百姓守法奉命,这不算法治;愈在横暴专制的国家,小百姓愈不敢不守法奉命。法治的真义,是政府守法,是政府的一举一动,以法为准的,不凭执政者意气上的成见为准则。"由此看来,问题似乎比较简单了。看中国是否行法治,以及法治程度如何,只须看政府及其官员是否守规矩(法)以及如何守规矩(法)。
因为,不依规矩便无以成方圆,政府及其官员不守规矩(法)便当然无以行法治。





下载地址: 点击此处下载

关于转发中央组织部《关于开展第六批“千人计划”申报工作的通知》和《关于印发“千人计划”短期项目实施细则的通知》的通知

国务院国有资产监督管理委员会


关于转发中央组织部《关于开展第六批“千人计划”申报工作的通知》和《关于印发“千人计划”短期项目实施细则的通知》的通知



各中央企业:

  现将中央组织部《关于开展第六批“千人计划”申报工作的通知》(组厅字[2010]46号)和《关于印发<“千人计划”短期项目实施细则>的通知》(组厅字[2010]29号)转发给你们,请结合实际,认真贯彻落实。

  为做好中央企业第六批“千人计划”申报工作,现就有关具体事宜通知如下:

  一、申报人回国或来华工作时间

  (一)创新人才长期项目的申报人须于2010年1月1日之后回国或来华工作;

  (二)创新人才短期项目的申报人须于2011年1月1日之后回国或来华工作。

  二、申报材料组成和填写要求

  (一)申报材料组成。

  1.《千人计划申报书》。原件一式10份,复印件和附件材料合并装订成册7套。

  2.附件材料1份(装订成册)。

  附件材料主要包括:

  (1)学历学位证书复印件;

  (2)身份证或护照复印件;

  (3)与用人单位签订的工作合同或意向性工作合同复印件;

  (4)在海外任职的证明材料;

  (5)主要成果(代表性论著、专利证书、产品证书)复印件或证明材料;

  (6)领导(参与)过的主要项目证明材料;

  (7)奖励证书复印件;

  (8)其他需要提交的材料。

  3.《申报人其他个人信息表》一式1份。单页形式报送,无需装订。

  4.《“千人计划”申报人选情况汇总表》。单页形式报送,无需装订。

  5.上述有关材料的空白表格可从千人计划网站(www.1000plan.org)下载。

  (二)填写要求。

  1.请按照有关材料《填写说明》的要求,认真组织有关单位和人员进行填写,确保内容真实、完整,不得空项、漏项;

  2.中央企业要对申报材料认真审核、严格把关,形式内容不符合条件的,不得提交参加评审。

  三、报送时间

  请将申报材料(纸质版和电子版)于2011年1月1日前报送国资委人才工作领导小组办公室(联系电话:010-63193704 63192450)。

  附件:1.《关于开展第六批“千人计划”申报工作的通知》(组厅字[2010]46号)(略)
     2.《关于印发<“千人计划”短期项目实施细则>的通知》(组厅字[2010]29号)(略)

                        国务院国资委人才工作领导小组办公室
                              2010年12月2日

MERCHANT SHIPPING (LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 414)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  ertificate as to parties to Conventions
  alculation of tonnage
  
  II    LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION AND COMPULSORY INSURANCE
  nterpretation of Part II
  iability for oil pollution
  xceptions from liability under section 6
  estriction of liability for oil pollution
  imitation of liability under section 6
  Limitation actions
  Restriction on enforcement of claims after establishment of
limitation
  fund
  Concurrent liabilities of owners and others
  Establishment of limitation fund outside Hong Kong
  Extinguishment of claims under Part II
  Compulsory insurance against liability for oil pollution
  Issue of certificate by Director
  Rights of third parties against insurers
  Jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts and registration of foreign
judgments
  Warships, etc.
  Liability for cost of preventive measures where section 6 does
not
  apply
  Saving for recourse actions
  
  III   THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND
  Interpretation of Part III
  Contributions to the Fund
  Power to obtain information
  Liability of the Fund for pollution damage
  Indemnification of ship owner where ship registered in Fund
Convention
  country
  Effect of judgments
  Extinguishment of claims under Part III
  Subrogation and rights of recourse
  
  IV    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by bodies corporate
  Fees
  Amendments, Savings and Repeals
  
  dule 1. Overall limit on liability of Fund
  dule 2. (Omitted)
  
  rdinance to provide for compensation for pollution caused 
by the
  harge or escape of oil from oil-carrying ships and for the 
liability
  hipowners; for compulsory insurance in respect of such liability; 
for
  ributions by oil importers and others to the International 
Fund for
  ensation for Oil Pollution Damage; for the liability of the 
Fund in
  ain circumstances for such pollution; for the 
indemnification of
  owners by the Fund; and for incidental or related matters.
  January 1991] L. N. 13 of 1991
 PART I Preliminary
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping 
(Liability and
  ensation for Oil Pollution) Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  t" includes expenses;
  ntry" includes any territory;
  rt" means the High Court or a judge thereof;
  age" includes loss;
  ector" means the Director of Marine;
  d Convention" means the International Convention on the 
establishment
  n International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 
opened
  signature in Brussels on 18 December 1971;
  g Kong ship" means a ship registered in Hong Kong;
  bility Convention" means the International Convention 
on  Civil
  ility for Oil Pollution Damage opened for signature in Brussels
on 29
  mber 1969;
  er", in relation to a ship, means the person or persons registered 
as
  owner of the ship or, in the absence of registration, the 
person or
  ons owning the ship, except that in relation to a ship owned 
by a
  e which is operated by a person registered as the ship's operator, 
it
  s the person registered as its operator; (Amended 74 of 1990 s.
104
  
  lution damage" means damage caused outside a ship carrying 
oil by
  amination resulting from the discharge or escape of oil from the
ship,
  ever the discharge or escape may occur, and includes the 
cost of
  entive measures and damage caused by preventive measures;
  ventive measures" means any reasonable measures taken by any 
person
  r a discharge or escape of oil from a ship to prevent or 
reduce
  ution damage;
  p" means any sea-going vessel or seaborne craft of 
any  type
  soever, carrying oil in bulk as cargo;
  cial drawing rights" means units of account used by the 
International
  tary Fund and known as special drawing rights;
  minal installation" means any site for the storage of oil in 
bulk
  h is capable of receiving oil from waterborne 
transportation,
  uding any facility situated offshore and linked to any such site.
  For the purposes of this Ordinance, where more than one 
discharge or
  pe results from the same occurrence or from a series of 
occurrences
  ng the same origin, they shall be treated as one; but any 
measures
  n after the first of them shall be deemed to have been taken after
the
  harge or escape.
  References in this Ordinance to the area of any country include 
the
  itorial sea of that country.
  
  ertificate as to parties to Conventions
  rtificate signed by the Governor and certifying that a State
specified
  he certificate--
  is a party to the Liability Convention in respect of a 
country
  ified in the certificate; or
  is a party to the Fund Convention in respect of a country specified
in
  certificate,
  l be conclusive evidence of the matters contained therein and
shall in
  legal proceedings under this Ordinance to which it 
relates be
  ssible on its production and without further proof.
  alculation of tonnage
  the purposes of this Ordinance, the tonnage of a ship 
shall be
  rtained as follows--
  where the register tonnage of the ship has been or can be 
ascertained
  ccordance with the Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulations 
(App. I,
  , the ship's tonnage shall be the register tonnage of the ship 
as so
  rtained but without making any deduction required by those
regulations
  ny tonnage allowance for propelling machinery space;
  where the ship is of a class or description with respect to which 
no
  ision is for the time being made by the Merchant Shipping 
(Tonnage)
  lations, the tonnage of the ship shall be taken to be 40% 
of the
  ht (expressed in tons of 2 240 lbs) of oil which the ship is 
capable
  arrying;
  where the tonnage of the ship can not be ascertained in 
accordance
  either paragraph (a) or (b), the Director shall, if so directed 
by
  court in any proceedings, certify what, on the evidence 
specified in
  direction, would in his opinion be the tonnage of the 
ship as
  rtained in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b), as the case may 
be,
  he ship could be duly measured for the purpose; and the tonnage
stated
  is certificate shall be taken to be the tonnage of the ship.
 PART II LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION AND COMPULSORY INSURANCE
  
  nterpretation of Part II
  In this Part--
  bility Convention country" means a country in respect of 
which the
  ility Convention is in force; and
  bility Convention State" means a State which is a party 
to the
  ility Convention.
  In relation to any pollution damage resulting from the 
discharge or
  pe of any oil carried in a ship references in this Part to the 
owner
  he ship are references to the owner at the time of the 
occurrence
  lting in the discharge or escape or, if there is more than one 
such
  rrence, at the time of the first of such occurrences.
  References in this Part to the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 (1979
c. 39
  .) are references to that Act as it applies in Hong Kong.
  
  iability for oil pollution
  Where, as a result of any occurrence taking place while a 
ship is
  ying a cargo of persistent oil in bulk, any persistent oil carried 
by
  ship (whether as part of the cargo or otherwise) is 
discharged or
  pes from the ship, the owner of the ship shall be liable, except 
as
  rwise provided by this Ordinance, for any pollution damage 
caused in
  Kong.
  Where--
  a liability arises under subsection (1); and
  the discharge or escape by reason of which the liability arose 
also
  lts in pollution damage in the area of a Liability Convention 
country
  r than Hong Kong, the owner of the ship concerned shall also be
liable
  r subsection (1) for that damage as if the damage had occurred
in Hong
  .
  Where persistent oil is discharged or escapes from 2 or more 
ships
  -
  a liability is incurred under this section by the owner of 
each of
  ; but
  the pollution damage for which each of the owners would, apart 
from
  subsection, be liable cannot reasonably be separated from that 
for
  h the other or others would be liable,
  of the owners shall be liable, jointly with the other or others, 
for
  whole of that damage for which the owners together would be 
liable
  r this section.
  Section 21 of the Law Amendment and Reform (Consolidation)
Ordinance
  . 23) shall apply in relation to any pollution damage for 
which a
  on is liable under this section, but which is not due to his fault,
as
  t were due to his fault.
  xceptions from liability under section 6
  owner of a ship from which persistent oil has been discharged or 
has
  ped shall not incur any liability under section 6 if he proves 
that
  discharge or escape--
  resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, 
insurrection or
  xceptional, inevitable and irresistible natural phenomenon; or
  was due wholly to anything done or left undone by another person, 
not
  g a servant or agent of the owner, with intent to do damage; or
  was due wholly to the negligence or wrongful act of a 
government or
  r authority in exercising its function of maintaining lights or 
other
  gational aids for the maintenance of which it was responsible.
  estriction of liability for oil pollution
  e, as a result of any occurrence taking place while a ship is
carrying
  rgo of persistent oil in bulk, any persistent oil carried by the
ship
  ther as part of the cargo or otherwise) is discharged or escapes
then,
  her or not the owner incurs a liability under section 6,--
  he shall not be liable otherwise than under that section for any 
such
  ution damage as is mentioned therein; and
  no servant or agent of the owner and no person performing 
salvage
  ations with the agreement of the owner shall be liable for any 
such
  ge.
  
  imitation of liability under section 6
  e the owner of a ship incurs a liability under section 6 by reason 
of
  scharge or escape which occurred without his actual fault or 
privity,
  ay limit that liability in accordance with this Ordinance, and 
if he
  so his liability (that is to say, the aggregate of his 
liabilities
  r section 6 resulting from the discharge or escape) shall not
exceed--
  133 special drawing rights for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
or
  14,000,000 special drawing rights, whichever amount is the less.
  
  Limitation actions
  Where the owner of a ship has or is alleged to have 
incurred a
  ility under section 6 he may apply to the court in accordance 
with
  s of court for the limitation of that liability to 
an amount
  rmined in accordance with section 9.
  If on such an application the court finds that the 
applicant has
  rred such a liability and is entitled to limit it, the court 
shall
  rmine the limit of the liability and direct payment into court
of the
  nt of that limit, and shall then
  determine the amounts that would, apart from the limit, be 
due in
  ect of the liability to the several persons making claims 
in the
  eedings under this section; and
  direct the distribution of the amount paid into court (or, as the
case
  be, so much of it as does not exceed the liability) among 
those
  ons in proportion to their claims subject to the following 
provisions
  his section.
  A payment into court of the amount of a limit determined under 
this
  ion shall be made in Hong Kong dollars and--
  for the purposes of converting such an amount from special 
drawing
  ts into Hong Kong dollars the Monetary Authority may certify, in 
Hong
  dollars, the respective amounts which are to be taken as 
equivalent
  a particular day to the sums expressed in special drawing 
rights in
  ion 9;
  a certificate signed by or on behalf of the Monetary Authority 
under
  graph (a) shall be conclusive evidence of the matters 
contained
  ein and shall in legal proceedings under this Ordinance to 
which it
  tes be admissible on its production and without further proof.
  nded 82 of 1992 s. 44)
  No claim shall be made in proceedings under this section except
within
  time as the court may direct or such further time as the court 
may
  w.
  Where any sum has been paid in or towards satisfaction of any claim
in
  ect of the pollution damage to which the liability referred 
to in
  ection (1) extends--
  by the owner or the person referred to in section 17 as "the
insurer";
  
  by a person who has or is alleged to have incurred a 
liability,
  rwise than under section 6, for that damage and who is 
entitled to
  t his liability in connection with the ship by virtue of the 
Merchant
  ping Act 1979 (1979 c. 39 U. K.), the person who paid the sum 
shall,
  he extent of that sum, be in the same position with respect to 
any
  ribution made in proceedings under this section as the person to 
whom
  as paid would, apart from this subsection, have been, 
and the
  ribution shall be made accordingly.
  Where the owner who incurred the liability referred to in
subsection
  has voluntarily made any reasonable sacrifice or taken 
any other
  onable measures to prevent or reduce pollution damage to 
which the
  ility extends or might have extended he shall be in the same 
position
  respect to any distribution made in proceedings under this
section as
  e had established a claim in respect of the liability for an 
amount
  l to the cost of the sacrifice or other measures, and the
distribution
  l be made accordingly.
  The court may, if it thinks fit, postpone the distribution of 
such
  of the amount to be distributed as it deems appropriate having
regard
  ny claims that may later be established before a court outside 
Hong
  .
  
  Restriction on enforcement of claims after establishment of
limitation
  
  e the court has found that a person who has incurred a liability
under
  ion 6 is entitled to limit that liability to any amount and 
he has
  into court a sum not less than that amount--
  the court shall order the release of any ship or other 
property
  sted in connection with a claim in respect of that liability or 
any
  rity given to prevent or obtain release from such an arrest; and
  no judgment or decree for any such claim shall be enforced, except 
so
  as it is for costs,
  sum paid into court, or such part thereof as corresponds to the
claim,
  be actually available to the claimant or would have been available
to
  if the proper steps in the proceedings under section 10 
had been
  n.
  Concurrent liabilities of owners and others
  e, as a result of any discharge or escape of persistent oil 
from a
  , he owner of the ship incurs a liability under section 6 and 
any
  r person incurs a liability, otherwise than under that section, 
for
  such pollution damage as is mentioned in subsection (1) 
of that
  ion, then, if--
  the owner has been found, in proceedings under section 10, 
to be
  tled to limit his liability to any amount and has paid into 
court a
  not less than that amount; and
  the other person is entitled to limit his liability in connection
with
  ship by virtue of the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 (1979 c. 39 U. 
K.),
  roceedings shall be taken against the other person in respect of 
his
  ility, and if any such proceedings were commenced before the 
owner
  the sum into court, no further steps shall be taken 
in the
  eedings except in relation to costs.
  Establishment of limitation fund outside Hong Kong
  e the events resulting in the liability of any person under
section 6
  result in a corresponding liability under the law of a 
Liability
  ention country other than Hong Kong, sections 11 and 12 shall
apply as
  he references to sections 6 and 10 included references 
to the
  esponding provisions of that law and the references to sums paid 
into
  t included references to any sums secured under those 
provisions in
  ect of the liability.
  Extinguishment of claims under Part II
  ction to enforce a claim in respect of a liability incurred 
under
  ion 6 shall be brought in any court in Hong Kong unless the action 
is
  enced not later than 3 years after the claim arose and not later 
than
  ars after the occurrence or, if there is more than 
one such
  rrence, the first of such occurrences resulting in the 
discharge or
  pe by reason of which the liability was incurred.
  
  Compulsory insurance against liability for oil pollution
  Subject to section 19, subsection (2) applies to any ship carrying 
in
  a cargo of more than 2,000 tons of persistent oil as 
defined in
  lations made under this section.
  A ship to which this subsection applies shall not enter or leave--
  the waters of Hong Kong; or
  if the ship is a Hong Kong ship, a port in any other country 
or a
  inal installation in the territorial sea of any other country, 
unless
  e is in force a certificate complying with subsection 
(4) and
  ifying that there is in force in respect of the ship a 
contract of
  rance or other security satisfying the requirements of Article

不分页显示   总共3页  1 [2] [3]

  下一页